Netherlands (1940-1945) A similar gathering was held by the minority Hungarians in Cluj (Kolozsvár), on 22 December, where they reaffirmed their allegiance to Hungary. The Romanian army entered Budapest. Béla K. Király, Gunther Erich Rothenberg, Brooklyn College Press, 1987, Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Romania attacked from the north and northeast and the Ottoman Empire also intervened in Thrace. Constantin Prezan • Alexandru Averescu;  Russia: Andrei Zayonchkovski • Vladimir Sakharov, Battle of Turtucaia • Battle of Bazargic • First Cobadin • Flămânda Offensive • Second Cobadin • Battle of Bucharest, 1918 Nearly 1,000,000 Central Powers troops were tied down, and The Times was prompted to describe the Romanian front as "The only point of light in the East". Germany agreed under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles (Article 259) to renounce the benefits provided by the Treaty of Bucharest in 1918.[80]. Go to https://mackweldon.com/ and use promocode "greatwar" at checkout. The plan envisaged the checking of the advance of the German Ninth Army from the north and north-west, as well as the encirclement and annihilation of the German-Bulgarian-Turkish units deployed south-east of Bucharest. The Romanian garrison surrendered on September 6 at the conclusion of the Battle of Turtucaia. Japan Although most Transylvanian Romanians were loyal to the Empire, over time, reactionary sentiments emerged, especially after Romania joined the war. VIII, Държавна печатница, Sofia, 1939, Bodart, Gaston: "Erforschung der Menschenverluste Österreich-Ungarns im Weltkriege 1914–1918", Austrian State Archive, War Archive Vienna, Manuscripts, History of the First World War, in general, A 91. On 7 November, Romanian anti-aircraft defenses at Sulina (including the old protected cruiser NMS Elisabeta) shot down into the sea one of the seaplanes, killing the commander of the German squadron. This page was last edited on 25 October 2020, at 08:58. On 23 November, Mackensen's best troops crossed the Danube at two locations near Svishtov. Romania and the Nazi-Soviet War, 1941–44. Both Serbia and Bulgaria felt that the Treaty of Berlin should have awarded them more extensive territories at the Ottoman Empire’s expense. Brazil (1917-1918) [33], The ethnic Romanians in Austria-Hungary entered the war from the very beginning, with hundreds of thousands of Transylvanian and Bukovinian Romanians being mobilized throughout the war. The Romanian United Principalities did not participate in any wars. [19], In return for entering the war on Allied side, Romania demanded support for its territorial claims to parts of Hungarian Transylvania, and especially those parts with a Romanian-speaking majority. The German high command was seriously worried about the prospect of Romania entering the war, Paul von Hindenburg writing: It is certain that so relatively small a state as Rumania had never before been given a role so important, and, indeed, so decisive for the history of the world at so favorable a moment. Историко-библиографски справочник, Добрич 2006, România în anii primului război mondial, vol. Within a few months, he had to alleviate the consequences of Romania's setbacks and supervise the destruction of the Romanian oil wells to deny them to Germany. The plan (the so-called Flămânda Offensive) was to attack the Central Powers forces from the rear by crossing the Danube at Flămânda, while the front-line Romanian and Russian forces were supposed to launch an offensive southwards towards Cobadin and Kurtbunar. After a month and two days of fighting, the war ended as a moral disaster for Bulgaria, and at the same time its economy was ruined and its military demoralized. King Ferdinand, however, refused to sign the treaty. The 1916 counteroffensive was mainly led by the German generals Falkenhayn and Mackensen. The war which for the last two years has been encircling our frontiers more and more closely has shaken the ancient foundations of Europe to their depths. Ian Beckett says that Bulgaria did not issue a declaration of war prior to its attack of 31 August. [44], In October 1916, the Romanian army mounted a wide-scale operation, the main target of which was the defense of the mountain passes in the Southern and Eastern Carpathians against the ever-stronger pressure of the German and Austro-Hungarian forces. Torrey, Glenn E. "The Entente and the Rumanian Campaign of 1916". Lists of wars involving European countries, The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (1859–1862), Romanian United Principalities (1862–1866), Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia became allies of Romania, Legionnaires' Rebellion and Bucharest Pogrom, Romania lost again Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, to USSR, back to the border of 1940, President of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly, Romanian Anti-communist Resistance Movement, Escalation of sectarian insurgency after U.S. withdrawal, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Romania&oldid=985325009, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro from Ottoman Empire, Ukrainian state failed to stabilize, therefore USSR gained access to common border with Romania, Subsequent depletion of al-Qaeda in Iraq, improvements in public security, Iraqi insurgency persists. These materials were vital in keeping Germany in the war to the end of 1918.[79]. Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918), Only police troops  Panama (1941-1945) Tsar Boris, however, appointed a new government under a notorious Germanophile, Bogdan Filov, and moved steadily closer to the German orbit. But in spite of the human, material and military efforts made by the Central Powers throughout this period, they failed to achieve their fundamental political and strategic goal to defeat Romania and knock it out of the war. Reports that 2% of Austro-Hungarian killed/wounded were incurred on the Eastern Front (including 10,594 out of 521,146 fatalities). Bulgaria had fought on the side of the Central Powers in WW1 (Germany, Austro-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) so, following their defeat, Bulgaria too suffered from harsh treaty settlements. Bulgaria succeeded in negotiating a recovery of Southern Dobruja, part of Romania since 1913, in the Axis-sponsored Treaty of Craiova on 7 September 1940, which reinforced Bulgarian hopes for solving territorial problems without direct involvement in the war. The Austro-Hungarians also sent four divisions to reinforce their lines, and by the middle of September, the Romanian offensive was halted. Her generals were quick to grasp the elements of danger, and by their defence of the central passes prevented the swift and utter disaster of which her enemies dreamed. Romania had to fight on two 1,600 km-long battlefronts, the longest front in Europe, with a varied configuration and diverse geographical elements (by comparison, the Russian front, stretching from the Baltic Sea to Bukovina, was only 1,000 km long).[44]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Bulgaria_and_Romania Brazil (1942-1945) 2, pp. Similar fights took place in the Bran-Câmpulung area, especially at Dragoslavele and Racoș. Britain made loans, France sent a military training mission, and Russia promised modern munitions. A… Establishment of new Afghan government and creation of the new Afghan National Army. Alexandru Marghiloman became the new German-sponsored prime minister. [68][69], Aware of the complex strategic situation, the Romanian Command lent its military policy a clear, realistic orientation of committing the entire population to battle, trying to act efficiently in keeping with the national goals and in harmony with the large-scale operations worked out at the coalition level. Bulgaria resisted Axis pressure to join the war against the Soviet Union begun on 22 June 1941, but did declare war on Britain and the United States on 13 December 1941. Bulgaria vs Romania: The Battle Between the Cheapest Two Countries in the European Union C. the Romanian July 18, 2020 18 After spending three consecutive summer holidays in Romanian beach resorts, in 2017 we decided that … Iran (1943-1945), Governments in exile  Estonia (1940) The Romanian Army gained much from its involvement in the Second World War.  Finland (1941-1944) The Germans were able to repair the oil fields around Ploieștiand by the end of the war had pumped a million tons of oil.  Spanish State The situation, however, once again took a turn for the worse for the Entente in November 1917 with the October Revolution in Russia and the beginning of the Russian Civil War. The response of the Romanian army in fact created the strongest blow to the Central Powers that was dealt in Eastern Europe in 1917.[74]. The military convention they signed with the Allies stipulated that France and Britain should start an offensive against Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire no later than August 1916, that Russia would send troops into Dobruja, and that the Romanian army would not be subordinated to Russian command. Toward the end of the month, extreme frost gave the Bulgarians an opportunity to enter the Danube Delta. It had the most significant oil fields in Europe, and Germany eagerly bought its petroleum, as well as food exports. The next day, pursuing the offensive, the Romanian troops forced the enemy into an ever more disorderly retreat. In mid-November, after several tactical defeats in the Southern Carpathians (Bran-Câmpulung, Prahova Valley, Jiu Valley), Falkenhayn concentrated his best troops (the elite Alpenkorps) in the south for an attack on the Vulcan Pass. The third stage (20 August - 3 September) actually saw the last German attempt at least to improve their positions in view of a new offensive, this one also confounded by the Romanian response. 2, pp. This is a list of wars fought by Romania since 1859: The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia did not participate in any wars. At the outbreak of hostilities, the Austro-Hungarian Empire invoked a casus foederis on Romania and Italy linked to the secret treaty of alliance since 1883.  Guatemala (1941-1945) Moscow. And the staunch valor of the Roman legionaries still lived in the heroic band who, under Anastasiu, cut their way from Orsova to the Aluta.[83]. The Battle of Mărășești had three distinct stages. The Romanian campaign plan (Hypothesis Z) consisted in attacking Austria-Hungary in Transylvania, while defending Southern Dobruja and Giurgiu from Bulgaria in the south. [17][18] At the same time, Germany started encouraging Austria-Hungary to make territorial concessions to Romania and Italy in order to keep both states neutral.  Montenegro (1914-1916) The Austro-Hungarian river monitors Bodrog, Körös and Szamos, together with the patrol boat Barsch and one coal barge were damaged by Romanian coastal batteries and one large barge loaded with explosives was sunk. Romanian troops fought on all European fronts of the Dual Monarchy, some of them being distinguished, such as Hauptmann (Căpitan) Gheorghe Flondor and Leutnant (Locotenent) Emil Rebreanu. The German reserves consisted of the 115th infantry division and two brigades of cyclists. Southern Romania, including Oltenia, Muntenia, Dobruja and southern Moldavia, was now in the hands of the Central Powers. SPONSOR: Get 20% off of your first order at Mack Weldon. [21] According to some American military historians, Russia delayed approval of Romanian demands out of worries about Romanian territorial designs on Bessarabia, claimed by nationalist circles as a Romanian land. Pursuing the offensive, the German troops aimed at occupying the whole of Moldavia, thereby knocking Romania out of the war, and, together with an in-depth penetration of the Austro-Hungarian troops on the front in Bukovina, to push the Russian forces eastwards, beyond Odessa. It had little choice but to negotiate the Focșani Armistice, signed by the combatants on 9 December 1917. The Romanian Land Forces, supported by the Danube Division of the Romanian Navy and by the actions of the Romanian cruiser NMS Elisabeta at the mouths of the Danube, managed to prevent the Central Powers from advancing into the Danube Delta, keeping it under Romanian control until the end of the war. Also, numerous train stations in the country, such as Gara de Nord in Bucharest, served as transit points for troops departing for the Eastern Front. On 7 September, under the Treaty of Craiova, Southern Dobruja (which Bulgaria had lost after the Romanian invasion during the Second Balkan War in 1913), was ceded to Bulgaria … That same month, German and Italian ambassadors demanded the return of northern Transylvania to Hungary. It signed the Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918. Agriculture received special attention to help meet basic nutritional needs and ensure a minimal living standard to the population in the free part of the country, and also to assist the refugees who had left their houses in front of the enemy invasion, the Romanian army and the Russian troops (who numbered about one million by early 1917). The Allies supported the maintenance of the Romanian front by continuing to deliver and supplement previously placed orders. In the Mărăști zone, however, the Romanian units continued the offensive until July 30 upon the request of their commander, General Alexandru Averescu.  Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1941), Nepal [44], Particular heed was paid to the actions carried on for the defense of the Carpathians' alignment, the fights on the Jiu River. After the successful Vardar Offensive on the Macedonian front that knocked  Portuguese Timor (1942-1945) French Morocco (1939-1940, 1942-1945) Norway (1940-1945) The infantry divisions were ensured identical structure to make replacements and maneuvers easier on the battlefront and to have a fire power comparable with that of the enemy. Bulgarian troops (aided by the German-Bulgarian Detachment)[41] surrounded and stormed the fortress of Turtucaia. [23], In 1915, Lieutenant-Colonel Christopher Thomson, a fluent speaker of French, was sent to Bucharest as British military attaché on the initiative of Lord Kitchener to bring Romania into the war.  Belgium The truth is, that when Brussilov and Sarrail had once failed to achieve their purpose, her chances of victory were gone. The political life in unoccupied territory adopted a fundamental goal to achieve national consensus to find the means to conclude a successful liberation war. Russia. [30], Between 1914 and 1916, 59 Romanian factories produced 400,000 artillery rounds, 70 million bullets, 1,500 caissons and 332 gun carriages. As a result of these operations, the remaining Romanian territories remained unoccupied. Korea, Active neutrality But after King Carol's death in 1914, his successor King Ferdinand I, favored the Entente. On August 27, 1916, after Romania declares war on Austria-Hungary, formally entering World War I, Romanian troops cross the border of the Austro … The total manpower of the Army Group amounted to 80,000 troops with 30,000 horses. [63], The re-organization also involved the other troops (combat engineers, air force, navy) and services, which underwent notable improvements. Alexandru Marghiloman became the new German-sponsored prime minister. In the Treaty of Bucharest (1916), terms for Romania's acquisition of territories within Austria-Hungary were stipulated. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, Video with the redrawing of the borders after the First World War, Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers, Negotiations of Bulgaria with the Central Powers and the Entente, Military convention between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romania_during_World_War_I&oldid=1000296951, Battles of World War I involving Austria-Hungary, Battles of World War I involving Bulgaria, Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire, Military operations of World War I involving France, Military operations of World War I involving Germany, Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, August 27, 1916 – December 1917, and November 10–11, 1918, 330,000–430,000 Romanian civilian dead from war-related causes between 1914 and 1918. 68, Симеонов, Радослав, Величка Михайлова и Донка Василева. With the strong diplomatic support of Russia it succeeded in retaining Western Thrace, its Aegean outlet, with the port of Dedeagach (Alexandroupolis), and part of Macedonia. In 1883, the King of Romania, Carol I of Hohenzollern, signed a secret treaty with the Triple Alliance that stipulated Romania's obligation to go to war only in the event that Austria-Hungary was attacked. This view was brushed aside by Whitehall, and Thomson signed a Military Convention with Romania on 13 August 1916. It stayed on the south side of the Danube river and headed towards Constanța. Uruguay Dervish state Page 51, România în anii primului război mondial, vol. Fierce fighting took place in the Battle of Râmnicu Sărat between 22 and 26 December, with Mackensen's forces entering the town on 27 December. Radomir Putnik • Živojin Mišić • Stepa Stepanović • Petar Bojović • Pavle Jurišić Šturm;  France: Maurice Sarrail • Adolphe Guillaumat • Louis Franchet d'Espèrey;  United Kingdom: Bryan Mahon • George Milne;  Kingdom of Greece: Panagiotis Danglis, Morava Offensive • Ovče Pole Offensive • Kosovo Offensive (1915) • Battle of Krivolak, First battle of Doiran • Battle of Florina (Lerin) • Struma operation • Monastir Offensive, Second battle of Doiran • 2nd Crna Bend • Second battle of Monastir, Battle of Skra-di-Legen • Battle of Dobro Pole • Third battle of Doiran, Nikola Zhekov • Panteley Kiselov • Stefan Toshev • Todor Kantardzhiev • Ivan Kolev, Romania: As such, the crown council took the decision to remain neutral. Vinogradov, "The Years of Neutrality", 460. The Romanians and Russians were forced to withdraw out of Constanța (occupied by the Central Powers on 22 October). The Romanian campaign was part of the Eastern Front of World War I, with Romania and Russia allied with Britain and France against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. [72], The salient created by the Romanian troops in the enemy lines at the junction between the Austro-Hungarian First Army and the German Ninth Army made the High Command of the Central Powers bring forces from other sectors on the Moldavian front and change the main direction of the offensive initially planned for the Focșani-Nămoloasa region. The Allies wanted Romania to join their side in order to cut rail communications between Germany and Turkey, and to cut off Germany's oil supplies. Fighting took place from August 1916 to December 1917 across most of present-day Romania, including Transylvania, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the time, as well as in Southern Dobruja, which is currently part of Bulgaria. This linkage of the Transylvanian issue with the Sino-Soviet conflict unnerved the Romanians and pressure from Moscow was stepped up in the same month when a plan to create an economic region encompassing much of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, half of Romania, and part of Bulgaria was launched in the Soviet capital. Kuban People's Republic (1918) The offensive potential of the Romanian army was confirmed through this victory. [64] 150,000 French 8 mm rifles, 1,760 Hotchkiss M1914 machine guns, 197 Vickers machine guns, 2,628 Chauchats, 108 Lewis guns, 1,3 million F1 grenades, 84 Puteaux 75mm guns, 72 long and 20 short de Bange 120 mm guns, 28 Coventry 127 mm howitzers, 14 St. Chamond 155 mm and seven Schneider-Putilov 152,4 mm howitzers and 130 French 58mm trench mortars arrived from Western Europe. [39] However, the rapid Romanian advance alarmed the Central Powers, and within weeks sizable reinforcements began arriving at the scene. Mackensen's attack threatened to cut off half the Romanian army. On the next day, this area was expanded, with 8 Bulgarian settlements ending up in Romanian hands.  Latvia (1940) Here’s why.  Mexico (1942-1945) The Romanian campaign was part of the Balkan theatre of World War I, with Romania and Russia allied against the armies of the Central Powers.Fighting took place from August 1916 to December 1917, across most of present-day Romania, including Transylvania, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the time, as well as southern Dobruja, which is currently part of Bulgaria. [72], The Battle of Mărăști began on 24 July 1917 at dawn, and took place in Vrancea County in the sector of the Romanian Second and Russian Fourth Armies. The Romanian Army was quite large, with over 650,000 men in 23 divisions, but it suffered from poor training and equipment, particularly when compared to its German counterparts. On October 17, the Romanian Second Army attacked the Austro-Hungarians at Brașov, but the attack was repulsed and the counterattack forced the Romanians to retreat from there also. While Carol wanted to enter World War I as an ally of the Central Powers, the Romanian public and the political parties were in favor of joining the Triple Entente. It was carried on under their leadership and control in the free national territory, in spite of Russian attempts to shift the Romanian army beyond the Dniester, inside Ukraine.  Denmark (1940) Allied numerical superiority was almost 2:1. [31] The 332 gun carriages were produced in order to convert Romania's 53 mm and 57 mm Fahrpanzer fortress guns into field artillery. For fighting between insurgent groups, see Civil war in 1913 while fighting as part of Battle... Taliban government in Afghanistan and fall of the war had pumped a tons! 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